| List I. The intersection of high and low culture in the modern anglophone novel |
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| Novels |
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| Collins, Wilkie. The Woman in White |
1859 |
| Early for my list, and yet such a great canonical example of the sensation novel -- makes a great reference point for discussions of how popular and elite genres of fiction grow more specialized and disparate (and how they don't) between the nineteenth and the twentieth century. A book I would love to put on my syllabus as the first reading in a course on modern genre literature. |
| Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde |
1886 |
| The Stevenson, Doyle, Wells, and Stoker give a good sampling of popular genres, detection, and the remnants of the gothic at the turn of the century. |
| Jerome, Jerome K. Three Men in a Boat |
1889 |
| Doyle, Arthur Conan. Selected Sherlock Holmes. |
1892-1905 |
| Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr. Moreau |
1896 |
| Stoker, Bram. Dracula. |
1897 |
| Conrad, Joseph: Lord Jim. |
1900 |
| Conrad is an interesting figure to look at as a sort of counterargument (though only in part) to the Great Divide (or The Intellectuals and the Masses) account of modernism as a movement vested in creating cultural artifacts that would be inaccessible to the great unwashed. He's also a great playground for questions of genre conventions and how they are read in different contexts, the literarification (to coin a horrible word) of the sea novel and its rapid decline as a widely read genre. Lord Jim is nicely self-conscious and a good fit for this list, as the young Jim is the victim of too many readings of romances of the sea, believed too whole-heartedly. |
| Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. |
1901 |
| One of those books that I put on my list for reasons of institutional credibility, but actually reading it made me see that it fits in more naturally than I would have expected. Wildly popular, and surprising (to me) in a number of ways -- it's smarter, more likeable, and less overtly racist than I ever would have expected -- and the degree to which it reads both as being firmly the bildungsroman and boy adventure novel genre traditions and as something strikingly new is worth talking about. Probably not a book I'll talk about in my dissertation, but a good book to be able to talk about in conversation. |
| Chesterton, G. K. The Man Who Was Thursday. |
1907 |
| Handy for me in its use of spy/detective novel elements in service of what is definitely not, in the end, a detective novel at all -- what it IS is difficult, if not impossible, to pin down. It also reads to me like a much later book; I'd thought it was written after WWI until I went back and looked it up. Period outliers are always interesting. Plus, I love it. |
| Conrad, Joseph. The Secret Agent. |
1907 |
| One of the earliest examples of the modern espionage novel; many many others, including Chesterton's TMWWT (which isn't an espionage novel in any ordinary sense) are written directly or indirectly in response to it. A touchstone; I can surely expect Peter to bring it up in relation to my work ("Oh, that reminds me of XYZ from Secret Agent"), and I suspect other people will, too. Also cf. my remarks above about Conrad in general. |
| Wells, H. G. Tono-Bungay. |
1909 |
| What happens when Wells writes a didactic political novel; also a bildungsroman. On here because Brian and Peter both thought it should be, and I think it's becoming the fashionable Wells to write about these days. The highly mixed reception it received, and continues to receive -- many critics today think it is his best work, though not me -- is of at least some interest to my project. Probably not the very best use of a slot on my list in terms of preparing for my dissertation, but hey, I've read it already and it will make B&P happy and make me look au courant. |
| Forster, E. M: Howard's End (1910) |
1910 |
| Our good friend High Culture and those who aspire towards it. |
| Ford, Ford Madox: The Good Soldier (1915) |
1915 |
| More high culture. |
| Joyce, James: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) |
1916 |
| High culture and high modernism, in a form appropriate for teaching to undergraduates. Besides, Joyce is an interesting case in the charge of elitism levied against the modernists. |
| Conrad, Joseph: The Shadow Line |
1917 |
| Late Conrad, largely autobiographical, short and easy to teach; useful for most of the reasons that Lord Jim is, but also for Conrad's defensive forward, in which he writes hotly about why he would never write about the supernatural.
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| Lawrence, D. H.: Women in Love (1921) |
1921 |
| The Lawrence you have to know in order to appear to be a literate human being. Lawrence is not only huge, but also a huge figure for talking about the different ways the British modernists treated the relationship between class and literacy. |
| Joyce, James: Ulysses (1922) |
1922 |
| Here for all the obvious reasons and more. |
| Forster, E. M.: A Passage to India (1924) |
1924 |
| Huge, classic, teachable, and a favorite of mine. |
| Ford, Ford Madox: Parade's End |
1924-1928 |
| Chock full of that special brand of Tory intellectual elitism. |
| Christie, Agatha. The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926) |
1926 |
| A terrific example of the way transgression can inspire a frenzy of genre policing in the reading public. |
| Woolf, Virginia: To the Lighthouse (1927) |
1927 |
| Something I'll want to teach and to know, and to use in discussions of narrative form. |
| Woolf, Virginia: Orlando (1928) |
1928 |
| I could have gone on and on with Woolf selections, but Orlando seemed especially worthy of inclusion because it was the "popular" and "accessible" Woolf novel in its day, which was a great relief to a certain class of readers; it's of course enormously engaged with history and historicizing, with rewriting, and with reading; it plays with genre conventions, particularly in its biography conceit; and it's enormously teachable, as I found this semester. |
| Rhys, Jean: After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie (1931) |
1931 |
| On here mainly because I've already read Wide Sargasso Sea, and want to get a sense of what Rhys was doing back in the 30s, and because Brian told me to include it. |
| Huxley, Aldous: Brave New World (1932) |
1932 |
| A classic, and a classic of science fiction. Terrible, but fun, and historically interesting. Probably a teaching candidate, at least if I'll be teaching classes in the history of genre lit. |
| Greene, Graham. This Gun for Sale |
1936 |
| A good example of popularly successful suspense fiction from between the wars. Greene was perhaps the biggest snot of all of that crowd of post-Bloomsbury writers, which earns him plenty of mention from literary historians like Carey. His "high literary" books get a fair amount of attention, and his popular espionage and detective fiction less, though the psycholinguistic literature on suspense likes to mine him for illustrative examples. I've chosen a couple of representative samples of this vast body of his work. The Confidential Agent is the more interesting of the two, with its Kafkaesque plotting, self-conscious style, and subplot hinging on a school dedicated to the teaching of an Esperanto-like artificial language (!), but this is a nice solid example keeping to the conventions of its genre without seeming too formulaic and flat. |
| Greene, Graham. Brighton Rock |
1938 |
| Ambler, Eric. A Coffin for Dimitrios (1939) |
1939 |
| Solid, classic suspense fiction. |
| Ambler, Eric. Cause for Alarm (1939) |
1939 |
| Greene, Graham. The Confidential Agent. |
1939 |
| O'Brien, Flann: At Swim-Two-Birds (1939) |
1939 |
| Here primarily for the self-serving reason that I adore Flann O'Brian and wish he were taught and discussed more often. He's fairly unclassifiable genre-wise, with a wonderful hodgepodge of borrowings. At Swim-Two-Birds is more Joycean and proto-postmodern, while The Third Policeman is both ghost story and grotesque, with a hearty dash of Pinteresque absurdity. |
| Lewis, C. S. That Hideous Strength |
1945 |
| The culmination of C.S. Lewis' science-fiction-with-religion trilogy. |
| Lowry, Malcolm: Under the Volcano (1947) |
1947 |
| A classic I'd never read before, here because it seems like something I Ought To Know. |
| Orwell, George: 1984 (1949) |
1949 |
| Paranoia, political didacticism, intrigue, and science fiction written by someone with no great love for the genre as a whole. |
| Beckett, Samuel: Molloy (1951) |
1951 |
| This one is here purely for coverage, and because I know Brian Richardson will want me to know it. |
| Forester, C. S. Lieutenant Hornblower (1952) |
1952 |
| The return of the sea novel, and the nostalgic imperialist fantasy to go with it -- but this time, with a hearty side helping of self-monitoring and self-doubt (but never failure). |
| Tolkein, J. R. R. The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955) |
1954-1955 |
| Echoes of WWI, the invention of the modern fantasy novel, Oxbridge dons writing fiction both populist and elitist -- what more could you ask for? |
| Greene, Graham. The Quiet American (1955) |
1955 |
| The other side of Graham Greene. Espionage in the literary sphere. |
| Fleming, Ian. From Russia, With Love (1957) |
1957 |
| Classic, pulpy, popular, formulaic. |
| Achebe, Chinua: Things Fall Apart |
1958 |
| Craven pandering to institutional expectations. |
| Naipaul, V. S.: A House for Mr Biswas (1961) |
1961 |
| Craven pandering to institutional expectations, part two. |
| Burgess, Anthony: A Clockwork Orange (1962) |
1962 |
| Another case of crossover science fiction by a "literary" author. |
| Le Carré, John: The Spy Who Came in From the Cold (1963) |
1963 |
| The classic and bestselling spy novel. |
| Kavan, Anna: Ice (1967) |
1967 |
| O'Brien, Flann: The Third Policeman (1967) |
1967 |
| See above. |
| Fowles, John: The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969) |
1969 |
| Another reception-y novel (that is, a novel about reading, and about previous modes of writing), good to teach, and a favorite of mine. Also a classic example for narratology/structure of the novel discussions because of its double ending. |
| Poetry |
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| Auden, W. H. "Spain," "As I walked out one evening," "Musee des Beaux Arts," "In Memory of W.B. Yeats," "September 1, 1939," "In Praise of Limestone" |
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| Eliot, T. S. Selections, including "The Wasteland," "Prufrock," and "Sweeney Among the Nightingales" |
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| Heaney, Seamus. Selections from Norton Anthology |
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| Hughes, Ted. Selected Poems |
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| Kinsella, Thomas. Nightwalker & Other Poems |
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| Larkin, Philip. High Windows |
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| Owen, Wilfred. Selections from Norton Anthology |
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| Raine, Craig. " Martian Sends a Postcard Home," "The Onion," "Memory," "Rich" |
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| Smith, Stevie. New Selected Poems |
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| Yeats, William Butler. Selections from Norton Anthology |
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| Critical history: the development and maintenance of genre distinctions |
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| Amis, Kingsley. New Maps of Hell. |
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| Based on a series of lectures at Princeton University in 1959. Broad overview and ambivalent defense of science fiction as a superior form of popular culture but inferior reflection of high culture. |
| Carey, John. The Intellectual and the Masses. |
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| The best and most widely cited book about the relationship between the elites of modern British culture and the popular literary market. |
| DiBattista, Maria and Lucy McDiarmid, eds. High and Low Moderns. |
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| Huyssen, Andreas. After the Great Divide |
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| Predatecats Carey and lays the groundwork for his work. |
| Keating, Peter J. The Haunted Study: A Social History of the English Novel, 1875-1914. |
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| Nice for coverage of the shifts going on around the turn of the century -- those poor Edwardians are so often left out of the story. |
| Leavis, F.R. The Great Tradition. |
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| The apogee of New Critical canonicity, circumscribing literary fiction with a genre boundary so constricted that only five authors can fit inside. |
| Mukerji, Chandra, ed. Rethinking Popular Culture. |
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| Nicholls, Peter. Modernisms. |
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| Rainey, Lawrence. Institutions of Modernism: Literary Elites and Public Culture. |
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| Rose, Jonathan. The Intellectual History of the British Working Classes. (Selections) |
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| Detailed and well-researched account of the reading habits of working-class people in Britain, grounded not in readings of the literature but in memoirs, autobiographies, diaries, the records of self-improvement societies, and the like. |
| Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. |
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| Another, and of course enormously well-known, approach to the relationship between elite literary culture and those who both support and are shut out from that tradition. |
| Wilson, Edmund. Classics and Commericals. |
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| List II. Cognitive linguistics and the experience of narrative. |
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| Cognitive linguistics |
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| Clark, Herbert. Using Language. |
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| Cognitive Linguistics 11:3-4 (2000), special issue on
Conceptual Blending. |
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| Fauconnier, Gilles, and Mark Turner. The Way We Think. |
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| Fauconnier, Gilles. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. |
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| Fauconnier, Gilles. Mental Spaces. |
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| Fillmore, Charles. "Frame semantics." |
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| Fillmore, Charles. "Frames and the Semantics of Understanding." |
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| Fillmore, Charles. Lectures on Deixis. |
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| Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis. |
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| Grice, H. P. Studies in the Ways of Words. |
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| Haiman, John. "Iconic and economic motivation." |
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| Haiman, John. Talk is Cheap: Sarcasm, Alienation, and the Evolution of Language. |
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| Horn, Laurence. "Toward a New Taxonomy for Pragmatic Inference: Q-Based and R-Based Implicature." |
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| Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980. |
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| Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Philosophy in the Flesh. |
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| Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. |
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| Langacker, Ronald. Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. |
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| Levinson, Stephen. Pragmatics. |
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| Lewis, David. Convention: a philosophical study. |
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| Morgan, J.L. "Two Types of Convention in Indirect Speech Acts." |
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| Sweetser, Eve. From Etymology to Pragmatics. |
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| Talmy, Leonard. Toward a Cognitive Semantics. 2 vols. (selections, presumably) |
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| Applications to literature |
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| Anderson, David R. "Razing the Framework: Reader-Response Criticism After Fish." After Post-Structuralism: Interdisciplinarity and Literary Theory, ed. Nancy Easterlin and Barbara Riebling. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1993. 155-76. |
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| Duchan, Judith F., Gail A. Bruder, and Lynne E. Hewitt, eds., Deixis in Narrative: A Cognitive Science Perspective |
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| Fillmore, Charles. "Ideal readers and real readers." |
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| Freeman, Margaret H. "Cognitive Mapping in Literary Analysis." Style 36.3 (2002): 466-85. |
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| Gerrig, Richard. Experiencing Narrative Worlds: On the Psychological Activities of Reading. |
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| I've found myself reading lots of Gerrig lately, in the psycholinguistic debate over the degree to which readers engage in inferencing and elaborating their mental models in the course of reading a text. |
| Hobbs, Jerry. Literature and Cognition. |
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| Particularly interesting for his arguments about interpretation as a function of both a text and a reader's beliefs and discussion of why it's not always necessary for readers to imagine a putative author/speaker in order to construct meaning, contra Clark. |
| Kay, Paul. "Three properties of the ideal reader." |
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| Labov, William. "Uncovering the event structure of narrative." |
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| Strauss, Claudia. A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning. |
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| Turner, Mark. The Literary Mind. |
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| Voderer, Peter, Hans J. Wulff, and Mike Friedrichsen, eds. Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses and Empirical Explorations |
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| Other approaches to narrative form |
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| Bakhtin, Mikhail. "Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel" and "Bildungsroman and Its Significance in the History of Realism" |
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| Bal, Mieke. Narratology. |
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| Barthes, Roland. S/Z . |
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| Booth, Wayne. The Rhetoric of Fiction |
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| Genette, Gerard. Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. |
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| Todorov, Tzvetan. The Poetics of Prose. |
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